NAMHC Minutes of the 271st Meeting

September 7 and September 8, 2023

Department of Health and Human Services
Public Health Service
National Institutes of Health
National Advisory Mental Health Council

Introduction

The National Advisory Mental Health Council (NAMHC) held its 271st meeting at 12:00 pm, September 8, 2023, via in-person, Zoom, and National Institutes of Health (NIH) videocast. In accordance with Public Law 92-463, the session was open to the public until approximately 3:45 pm and was preceded by the closed session on September 7, 2023. Joshua Gordon, M.D., Ph.D., Director of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), presided as Chair for both sessions

Council Members Present

• Edwin (Ted) Abel, III, Ph.D.
• Olusola Ajilore, M.D., Ph.D.
• Pamela Collins, M.D., M.P.H.
• Daniel Gillison, Jr.
• Marguerita Lightfoot, Ph.D.
• Joel Nigg, Ph.D.
• Matthew Nock, Ph.D.
• Bryan Roth, M.D., Ph.D.
• Laura Scott, Ph.D., M.P.H.
• Joseph Telfair, DrPH, M.P.H.
• Hongkui Zeng, Ph.D.

Council Members Absent

• David Goldstein, Ph.D.
• Kamilah Jackson, M.D.
• Velma McBride Murry, Ph.D.
• Patricia Recupero, M.D., J.D.

Department of Veteran Affairs (Ex Officio Member)

• Amy Kilbourne, Ph.D., M.P.H.

Liaison Representative

• Anita Everett, M.D., DFAPA

Ad Hoc Members Present:

• Rinad S Beidas, Ph.D.
• Angus W. MacDonald, III, Ph.D.
• Jyotishman Pathak, Ph.D.

Others present at Open Policy Session (Appendix B)

Others present at Closed Grant Review Session (Appendix C)

OPEN PORTION OF THE MEETING

1. Open Policy Session Call to Order & Opening Remarks, Joshua Gordon, M.D., Ph.D. (NIH Videocast  @00:04)

   NIMH Director Dr. Joshua Gordon opened the hybrid NAMHC meeting and welcomed Council members, NIMH staff, NIH staff, and members of the public. He announced that the January 2024 meeting will be fully virtual. Following a review of virtual and in-person meeting etiquette, the Council unanimously passed a motion approving the final Summary Minutes of the May 2023 meeting.

2. NIMH Director’s Report, Joshua Gordon, M.D., Ph.D., Phyllis Ampofo, M.P.H., NIMH Legislative Director, and Allen Lo, Budget Officer, NIMH Planning and Financial Management Branch (NIH Videocast  @06:27)

   1. Congressional Interactions and Delegations

      Ms. Ampofo provided an overview of NIMH’s congressional interactions. On July 17, 2023, Dr. Gordon and Sarah “Holly” Lisanby, M.D., Director of the NIMH Division of Translational Research and Director of the NIMH Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, met with a congressional delegation from the New Democrat Coalition to demonstrate her research on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. On June 30, 2023, Shelli Avenevoli, Ph.D., NIMH Deputy Director, and Leonardo Cubillos, M.D., M.P.H., Director of the NIMH Center for Global Mental Health Research, participated in a Mental Health Study Tour that was organized at the request of Olena Zelenska, the First Lady of Ukraine, and the Ukrainian Ministry of Health to discuss mental health priorities, policies, and service integration in the U.S. On June 14, 2023, The Congressional Neuroscience Caucus hosted a briefing on The Brain Research Through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies®(BRAIN) Initiative, attended by Dr. Gordon and John Ngai, Ph.D., Director of the NIH BRAIN Initiative.

   2. Appropriations and Budget Updates

      Mr. Lo provided appropriations and budget updates. On July 14, 2023, the House Appropriation Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies advanced their FY2024 bill that provided $43 billion to NIH, including $2.2 billion to NIMH—a reduction of $139 million from FY2023. On July 27, 2023, the Senate Appropriations Committee advanced their bill that provided $48 billion to NIH and $2.4 billion to NIMH, including a $100 million increase in response to a Professional Judgment Budget outlining a four-part research agenda to accelerate and expand scientific opportunities to address serious mental illness (SMI).

      The NIMH projected to sustain its Research Project Grants success rate of 23 percent and anticipated awarding more than 600 grants, including grants to approximately 86 early-stage and 172 at-risk investigators.

   3. Demographics Updates

      Dr. Gordon reviewed demographic data on NIMH grant recipients over the last ten years. Eventual award rates by gender have been relatively equal over the last decade. About eight years ago, NIMH had a gap in award rates across race and ethnicity. As of 2022, the NIMH eventual award rates for Black applicants were statistically equivalent to White applicants, although Black applicants are still underrepresented with respect to the number of Black individuals in the greater scientific community and in the U.S. There was a smaller, persistent gap in eventual award rates among Asian investigators. In 2022, NIMH achieved parity in eventual award rates for Hispanic and non-Hispanic investigators.

   4. HHS and NIH Updates

      The Office of the Surgeon General released an Advisory on Social Media and Youth Mental Health , for which NIMH provided contributions. NIMH anticipates funding aligned with research priorities outlined in this report. NIMH launched the second phase of the Accelerating Medicines Partnership® Program for Schizophrenia  (AMP® SCZ), which aims to pilot clinical trials using findings from the first phase. On June 12-13, 2023, NIMH hosted the 9th Annual BRAIN Initiative Meeting: Open Science, New Tools . On July 17-18, 2023, the BRAIN Initiative Neuroethics Working Group held a workshop on Ethics of Sharing Individual Level Human Brain Data Collected in Biomedical Research . NIMH is one of the Institutes working with the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences on the NIH Climate Change and Health Initiative , which has provided funding to establish four sites in the Alliance for Community Engagement on Climate and Health. NIH has requested input  on the proposed update to its mission statement, which closes on November 24, 2023.

      Dr. Gordon reviewed leadership changes at NIH. On July 30, 2023, Jane Simoni, Ph.D., began her role as the NIH Associate Director for Behavioral and Social Science Research and the Director of the NIH Office of Behavioral and Social Science Research. On August 2, 2023, Jeanne Marrazzo, M.D., M.P.H., was named Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease.

   5. NIMH News to Know

      Dr. Gordon announced the winner of the 3rd Annual James Jackson Memorial Award, Lisa Bowleg, Ph.D., whose research focuses on social-structural and behavioral factors that impact the mental and physical health of Black men in the United States. On October 25, 2023, Dr. Bowleg will present her work at an NIMH virtual webinar and receive the award.

      NIMH has launched the Precision Psychiatry Initiative which will focus on two areas: biomarker development and precision diagnostics. First, the “Innovation Funnel ” approach to treatment selection for depression aims to develop accurate, accessible tools to predict responses among multiple existing treatments for depression. Second, the Individually Measured Phenotypes to Advance Computational Translation in Mental Health (IMPACT-Mental Health) program aims to use data-centric approaches to generate more specific clinical phenotypes to inform diagnostics, prognosis, and treatment decisions.

      On August 29-30, 2023, NIMH participated in the NIH-wide Diversity Supplement Professional Development & Networking Workshop , which brought together Diversity Supplement Scholars and NIH program staff. The Diversity Supplement Program provides administrative supplements to help increase the numbers of underrepresented scientists in biomedical and behavioral research.

      In the Spring 2023 NAMHC meeting, NIMH expressed interest in developing a list of human genes. The NIMH Gene List is currently under development with two notable features 1) the gene list will not be restrictive, meaning NIMH funded investigators may work on genes not on the list and 2) the gene list will not include genes discovered through common variation because there are no currently acceptable thresholds. The NIMH Gene List  was anticipated to be publicly available in fall 2023.

      On May 18, 2023, Susan Daniels, Ph.D., was appointed as the HHS National Autism Coordinator and the Director of the Office of National Autism Coordination. Patricia Areán, Ph.D., began serving as the Director of the NIMH Division of Services and Intervention Research (DSIR). Dr. Gordon thanked Joel Sherrill, Ph.D., for his service as the Division’s Acting DSIR Director. On August 26, 2023, Pim Brouwers, Ph.D., retired from his position as Deputy Director of the NIMH Division of AIDS Research.

      Maryland Pao, M.D., Clinical Director of the NIMH Intramural Research Program, was awarded an HHS Secretary’s Commendation for exceptional service and leadership during the public health emergency phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Dr. Gordon recognized Dr. Pao and other NIMH staff who quickly responded to the mental health needs of the community and NIH employees. Dr. Gordon announced the passing of Eve Reider, Ph.D., NIMH Associate Director of Prevention and Chief of the Preventive Intervention Research Program in DSIR.

   6. Science Highlights

      Dr. Gordon shared three science highlights. A large percentage of individuals who die by suicide visit an emergency department (ED) in the months prior to their death. The first study highlighted results from the Emergency Department Safety Assessment and Follow-up Evaluation 2 (ED-SAFE 2) study¹ , in which researchers used continuous quality improvement to assess how suicide risk is evaluated across eight EDs. Researchers worked with each ED to implement increased suicide risk screening and safety planning for those at risk for suicide who were discharged from the ED and found a significant decrease in suicide events over the course of the implementation and maintenance phases of the study.

      The second study² sought to better understand where HIV resides within the central nervous system so that that interventions can better target the virus. Investigators examined both animal and human brain cell to demonstrate that HIV could persist in microglia despite the use of antiretroviral therapy. This finding is an important step toward an important step toward developing a treatment to eradicate HIV from the body.

      The third study³ used optogenetics in mice to better understand neuroplasticity during the learning process. Investigators demonstrated that individual neurons increase the strength of their response to a stimulus over time and also recruit other neurons to respond. The investigators then created an artificial neural network in a computer and trained it to respond similarly. They found that change occurred within local connections between interneurons and excitatory neurons. The study advanced the field by demonstrating that 1) perception lies within the brain, 2) the brain adapts that perception in a learning environment but not with a simple stimulus, and 3) the locus of learning is within the local circuitry of the cortical area being stimulated.

   7. NIMH 75th Anniversary

      Dr. Gordon reminded attendees that NIMH is celebrating its 75th anniversary. He invited attendees to visit the anniversary website to learn more about the activities that NIMH has planned, download the Mental Health Matters podcast, sign up for email updates, and follow NIMH on social media.

      Discussion
      Following Dr. Gordon’s update, Council members engaged in a discussion. One Council member asked about potential interactions between IMPACT-MH and the One Mind initiative in the Million Veteran Program. Dr. Gordon responded that it may be a consideration for the second phase of the program, after IMPACT-MH data was harmonized with other cohorts. Another Council member expressed appreciation for the ED-SAFE 2 study, and Dr. Gordon emphasized the strong evidence that safety planning is effective. A Council member asked about NIMH’s role in the NIH Climate Change and Health Initiative. Dr. Gordon said that NIMH staff sit on the steering committee and that he sits on the executive committee, ensuring that mental health was represented in requests for applications. Another Council member asked for clarification about the NIMH Gene List and whether it was created in collaboration with other institutes and centers. Dr. Gordon responded that the purpose of the NIMH Gene List was to help investigators identify genes that have robust genetic association with mental illness and that the gene list was specific to NIMH’s domain.

      Council members discussed the potential implications of changes to the NIMH budget, in terms of funding ongoing programs, such as IMPACT-MH, and new research. Dr. Gordon explained that a substantial budget cut would limit the expansion of programs such as IMPACT-MH and decrease the success rate that NIMH has maintained for the last decade. A Council member asked how a budget cut might affect NIMH’s accomplishments towards parity for funding racial and ethnic groups. Dr. Gordon answered that NIMH would continue to prioritize early career investigators and investigators at-risk. NIMH would also continue to work towards ensuring a diverse workforce and eliminating bias in the review process.

3. NIMH’s Involvement with Community Partnerships to Advance Science for Society (ComPASS) Program, Cheryl Boyce, Ph.D., Assistant Director for Re-engineering the Research Enterprise, NIH Office of Strategic Coordination and Collene Lawhorn, Ph.D., COVID-19 Mental Health Impact Lead, Division of Translational Research (NIH Videocast  @01:15:35)

   Dr. Lawhorn provided an overview of ComPASS , which is supported by the NIH Common Fund and focuses on supporting structural interventions to address social determinants of health and health equity. Structural interventions span multiple sectors and require innovative approaches to address the societal factors and conditions that influence the ability to live healthy lives. NIMH staff participate in ComPASS operations as part of the working group.

   Dr. Boyce discussed the creation of ComPASS. She also explained that NIH held a series of listening sessions  with more than 500 community members to obtain their feedback while ComPASS was being created. Some of the issues raised in the listening sessions included community ownership, trust, capacity building, public-private partnerships, and navigating the NIH enterprise. The goals of ComPASS align with the NIMH Strategic Plan for Research and are twofold: 1) to catalyze, deploy, and evaluate community-led healthy equity structural interventions that leverage multi-sectorial partnerships and 2) to develop a new community-led health equity research model that shifts the way NIH approaches intervention research. There are three ComPASS initiatives: 1) Community-Led, Health Equity Structural Interventions (CHESIs); 2) Health Equity Research Hubs; and 3) ComPASS Coordination Centers.

   ComPASS is a ten-year initiative that begins with a two-year planning phase, followed by a six-year implementation phase and a two-year dissemination and sustainability phase. ComPASS utilizes Other Transactions Authority (OTA) mechanisms, which provide a nimbler funding mechanism for communities. Community organizations are principal investigators and identify both the topic and a research partner to work with.

   Discussion
   A Council member asked what a mental health-related ComPASS initiative might look like. Dr. Boyce and Dr. Gordon clarified that structural interventions affect multiple systems—whether organs or developmental processes. As such, ComPASS requires that the structural interventions have cross-disease outcomes, which will be developed by the ComPASS Coordination Centers, implemented for all CHESIs, and measured in all individuals. As a result, the initiative expects to examine a considerable amount of mental health outcomes whether the intervention is focused primarily on a mental health condition or on another area of concern.

   A Council member asked what would happen to the implementation phase if the intervention did not work within that two-year period. Dr. Boyce answered that the OTA provides flexibility to make course corrections and that the CHESIs receive a lot of support from scientists, consultants, and NIH staff. Other Council members recommended planning for sustainment at the beginning of the process, including process measures in addition to outcome measures, and encouraging CHESIs to disseminate their lessons learned throughout the process.

   A Council member asked about how federal partners were involved in ComPASS. Dr. Boyce said that they have a federal partners group that will be involved from the beginning to help make the projects successful and sustainable. Other Council members asked about the community linkage to researchers and the availability of data. Dr. Boyce and Dr. Gordon clarified that the CHESIs define the research question, identify the research partners, and maintain control of the funding. The CHESIs receive technical assistance on research approaches from the Hubs with the aim of building capacity and ensuring success. The Coordinating Centers will release data in stages in line with the NIH data sharing policies. The CHESIs receive technical assistance on research approaches from the Hubs with the aim of building capacity and ensuring success. Dr. Boyce added that 25 sites were funded, but there were many more applicants. Going forward, there will be new initiatives, more listening sessions, and continued efforts to support the community applicants on their path towards NIH funding.

4. Update on the NAMHC Workgroup on High Dimensional Datasets, Jonathan Pevsner, Ph.D., Chief, Genomics Research Branch, Division of Neuroscience and Basic Behavioral Science (NIH Videocast  @01:49:38)

   Jonathan Pevsner, Ph.D., NIMH staff co-lead of the NAMHC Workgroup on High Dimensional Datasets, provided an overview of the activities of the workgroup. Research using high-dimensional data has dramatically increased in recent years but poses a number of challenges such as context dependency, the lack of a standardized framework for experimental design and statistical inference, and concerns about confounds and interpretation. There are few standards to ensure that research using high-dimensional data is rigorous and reproducible. Given these challenges, Dr. Gordon charged the NAMHC with developing recommendations regarding appropriate conceptual frameworks and experimental and analytic designs for studies using high-dimensional datasets.

   The Workgroup is comprised of 18 experts who have met almost monthly since January 2023 to develop a set of recommendations that could help shape future NIMH scientific priorities and support both NIMH program staff and the scientific community. The Workgroup has discussed examples of high-dimensional studies, relevant literature, areas of scientific concern, and potential recommendation areas. For example, the Workgroup had discussed sample sizes and power calculations across different study approaches. The Workgroup had also discussed important considerations for enhancing rigor and reproducibility such as code sharing, protocol sharing, and preregistration—including NIH data sharing requirements, FAIR  (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) data principles, and existing data repositories. The Workgroup continues to confer on these topics to define priorities and approaches to ensure rigor and reproducibility while utilizing high-dimensional datasets.

5. Concept Clearances (NIH Videocast  @01:58:38)

   1. The NIH NeuroBioBank, Gregory Farber, Ph.D., Office of Technology Development and Coordination

      Dr. Farber said that the NeuroBioBank  provides a consolidated approach to human brain banking by increasing brain donor awareness, which in turn facilitates neuroscience research. The average number of tissue requests was approximately 300 per year, with between 60 and 70 individual samples shared for each request. The goal of the concept is to continue supporting the NeuroBioBank’s core activities including outreach and registration of donors; recovering, processing, and storing brain tissue and associated specimens; detailed postmortem clinical and neuropathological characterization; and broad sharing of specimens to the research community.

      Discussion
      Discussants: Laura Scott, Ph.D., M.P.H., and Bryan Roth, M.D., Ph.D.
      Dr. Scott and Dr. Roth expressed support for the concept and suggested broader outreach to increase awareness to the neuroscience community, specifically recommending sample tracking, publication tracking, and an updated a publication on the NeuroBioBank. Other Council members pointed out the need for greater racial and ethnic representation for particular diagnoses and the potential for improving diversity through partnerships with patient advocacy groups and community programs such as ComPASS. A Council member also highlighted the need for data on co-occurring substance use disorders. Council members talked about the potential for linking data with other brain banks.

   2. NIMH Repository and Genomics Resource (NRGR) for Advancing Psychiatric Genetics, Amanda Price, Ph.D., Division of Neuroscience and Basic Behavioral Science

      Dr. Price talked about the NRGR, which is a longstanding, centralized national biorepository of biospecimens and associated metadata to support psychiatric genetics research. Over the last 12 years, NRGR had distributed more than 360,000 biospecimens and supported at least 1,300 publications. It is the largest biorepository in psychiatry with biospecimens from more than 140,000 donors. The goal of the concept is to sustain and enhance NRGR to serve as the principal repository for cellular and genetic psychiatric research, facilitate sharing of biospecimens, and accelerate scientific understanding of the genetic risk architecture underlying mental disorders.

      Discussion
      Discussants: Olu Ajilore, M.D., Ph.D., and Ted Abel, Ph.D.
      Dr. Ajilore and Dr. Abel expressed support for the concept. Dr. Abel suggested considering how NRGR could be used in experiments with genetically engineered cell lines and how it could interface with the NeuroBioBank. Another Council member asked how NRGR was integrated with other biospecimen collections, such as the Psychiatric Genetics Consortium (PGC). Dr. Price said that NIMH-funded research that includes biospecimen collection was already being deposited into NRGR. A Council member asked about the activation energy needed to submit data, and Dr. Price acknowledged that it was a challenge that was actively being considered. There was a discussion about the need to generate Lymphocyte Cell Lines (LCL), which is resource intensive and may have limited utility. A Council member suggested exploring who was requesting LCL data and for what purpose. Dr. Price said that LCLs were only generated in a limited number of cases.

   3. Primary Research Opportunities in Crisis Response Services, Jennifer Humensky, Ph.D., Division of Services and Intervention Research

      Dr. Humensky said that the designation of 988 as a universal crisis hotline and the expanded federal funding for crisis response has made it critical to better understand crisis response services implementation and outcomes. This concept aims to promote research to examine the implementation, effectiveness, and cost effectiveness of crisis response services across a wide range of geographical settings, cultural considerations, clinical presentations, and psychosocial factors. The concept also aims to promote research that expands the crisis care continuum into other care and support systems.

      Discussion
      Discussants: Matthew Nock, Ph.D., and Daniel Gillison, Jr.
      Dr. Nock and Mr. Gillison expressed support for this concept. Dr. Nock recommended ensuring that requests for applications call for specific types of rigorous research designs including causal inference and the role of generative artificial intelligence. Mr. Gillison emphasized the importance of ensuring that all communities be considered from an equity perspective. Anita Everett, M.D., DFAPA, added that SAMHSA was leading the federal role in implementing crisis services and welcomed an expanded relationship between the two agencies to align research priorities. A Council member recognized the need for the concept to be general but highlighted important research directions such as potential unintended consequences, particularly among populations with intersecting identity, and the wellness of the workforce delivering the crisis services.

   4. Optimizing Behavioral Sleep Interventions for Adolescents and Young Adults, Mary Rooney, Ph.D., Division of Services and Intervention Research

      Dr. Rooney talked about the growing challenge of sleep problems among adolescent and young adults and its association with an increased risk of mental illness. The concept aimed to encourage research that seeks to optimize and test behavioral sleep interventions that are feasible in real world settings, address sleep and mental health disparities, and examine the mechanisms that may explain the relationship between sleep and mental health and that underlie intervention.

      Discussion
      Discussants: Marguerita Lightfoot, Ph.D.
      Dr. Lightfoot commended the concept for the inclusion of youth during the research development stage and recommended including parents of younger adolescents as another important stakeholder group. She also emphasized the need to better understand the prevalence of sleep problems in this population, the strategies essential to sleep, the opportunities to adapt adult interventions, and the need to consider not only individual and biologically-focused therapies but also structural factors in communities such as light exposure. Another Council member added that the environment and climate change were other structural factors that may impact sleep and recommended also considering circadian rhythms, school start time as a potential confounding factor, and the impact of medications on sleep.

      The Council unanimously passed a motion approving the four concepts to be developed into future funding announcements.

6. Public Comment (NIH Videocast  @03:57:24)

   Dr. Gordon indicated that there were no pre-registered public commenters.

   CLOSED PORTION OF THE MEETING

   The grant application review portion of the meeting was closed to the public in accordance with provisions as set forth in Section 552b(c)(4) and 552b(c)6. Title 5, U.S. Code and Section 10(d) of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, as amended.

   The grant application review portion of the meeting was closed to the public in accordance with provisions as set forth in Section 552b(c)(4) and 552b(c)6. Title 5, U.S. Code and Section 10(d) of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, as amended.

   Dr. Waldeck, Executive Secretary of the Council, explained policies and procedures regarding confidentiality and conflict of interest to the members of the Council.

   Members absented themselves from the meeting during the discussion of and voting on applications from their own institutions, or other applications in which there was a potential conflict of interest, real or apparent. Members were asked to sign a statement to this effect.

7. Review of Applications

   Refer to Appendix D.

8. Adjournment

   Dr. Gordon thanked the Council members. The closed session of the NAMHC meeting recessed at 4:03 pm on September 7, 2023. The NAMHC meeting reconvened on September 8, 2023, for the open session which adjourned at 3:45 pm.

EX OFFICIO MEMBERS

Office of the Secretary, DHHS
Xavier Becerra, J.D.
Secretary
Department of Health and Human Services
Washington, DC

National Institutes of Health
Lawrence A. Tabak, D.D.S., Ph.D.
Acting Director
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, MD

Department of Veterans Affairs
Amy M. Kilbourne, Ph.D., M.P.H.
Director, Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (QUERI)
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
Professor of Learning Health Sciences
University of Michigan Medical School
Ann Arbor, MI

Liaison Representative
Anita Everett, M.D., DFAPA
Director
Center for Mental Health Services
US, HHS Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Rockville, MD

Open Public Present in-Person:
Katie DeGeorge, Federation of Associations in Behavioral and Brain Sciences
Diana Felner, Tourette Association of America
John Green, Public attendee
Xiang Zhou, Purdue University

Others Present Virtually:
Maria Rowland, Science Writer
Ronny Zavoski, Captioner
Aimee Oczkowski, Webinar Support
Jonelle Duke, Webinar Support
Jonathan Bennett, Assistant Chief Broadcast Engineer
 

Webinar Support
Aimee Oczkowski
Jonelle Duke

References

¹Boudreaux ED, Larkin C, Vallejo Sefair A, et al. Effect of an Emergency Department Process Improvement Package on Suicide Prevention: The ED-SAFE 2 Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2023;80(7):665–674. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.1304

²Tang, Y, Chaillon A, Gianella S, et al. Brain Microglia Serve as a Persistent HIV Reservoir Despite Durable Antiretroviral Therapy. J Clin Invest. 2023;133(12):e167417. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI167417.

³Akitake B, Douglas HM, LaFosse PK, et al. Amplified Cortical Neural Responses as Animals Learn to Use Novel Activity Patterns. Current Biology, 2023: 33 (11), 2163 - 2174.e4. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.10.499496