RDoC Snapshot: Version 1 (saved 3/7/2016)

BDNF, 5HT/5HTRs, CRF, FKB5, GABAARs, Glutamate system, NMDARs, Opioid system, COMT, Cannabinoid system, Dopamine, DAT, Cam kinase, MAP kinase, PI-3 kinase, PKA, PKC, Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Strathmin, Pkap, TRBC5

NMDAR, Glutamate, Dopamine, Serotonin, BDNF, GABA, Cortisol/
Corticosterone, Endogenous cannabinoids, orexin, NPY, CRF family, FGF2, Oxytocin, Vasopressin, CCK, Neuropeptide S, Neurosteroids

Neurons, Glia, Pyramidal cells, GABAergic cells

Central Nucleus, BasAmyg, LatAmyg, vPAG, dPAG, v-hippocampus (post), d-hippocampus (ant), latPFC/insula, vmPFC (il), dmPFC (pl), OFC, Hypothalamus, dorsal ACC, rostral/vent ACC, ICMs, Medial Amyg, PAG, RPVM, Pons, autonomic nervous system, insular cortex, LC

Fear Potentiated Startle, Context Startle, Skin Conductance, Heart Rate, EMG, BP, Eye Tracking, Response accuracy, facial EMG, Respiration, pupillometry

Freezing, Response time, Avoidance, Response inhibition, Open field, Social approach, Analgesia, approach (early development), Risk assessment, Facial expressions

Fear survey schedule, BAI, STAI, SUDS, Fear Questionnaire, Trait Fear Inventory, Eilam Ethogram, Structured Diagnostic and Assessment scales, Albany Panic & Phobia

Fear conditioning, viewing aversive pictures or films, emotional imagery

CRF

CRF family, cortisol

Pituitary cells

Bed nucleus of stria terminalis

Average cortisol levels, ACTH, potentiated startle

Contextual threat, darkness (in humans), light (in rodents)

HPA-axis hormones, CRF, ACTH

prefrontal, hippocampal, microglia

Dysregulation of amygdala reactivity;
Dysregulation of cingulate reactivity;
Attention network (per Corbetta and Schulman);
PVT (differentiates between acute and sustained);
Hypothalamic nuclei;
Habit systems (Striatum/
caudate/accumbens);
Increased activation of vigilance network including visual cortex

Dysregulated HPA axis;
Increased amplitude of error-related negativity;

Anxious arousal;
Increased conflict detection;
Attentional bias to threat;
Anhedonia/decreased appetitive behavior;
Helplessness behavior;
Decreased libido;
Punishment sensitivity;
Increased perseverative behavior;
Avoidance;
Memory retrieval deficits

MAOA, COMT, DAT1, 5HTTLPR, 5HTRs

Downregulation of glucocorticoid receptors; Upregulation of CRH; Estrogens; Androgens; Oxytocin; Vasopressin; Inflammatory molecules

Sustained amygdala reactivity; Decreased DLPFC recruitment; Decreased vmPFC (incl. rostral cingulate); Increased insula activation; Increased posterior cingulate activity; Decreased R parietal; PVN; Hippocampus; Orbitofrontal cortex; Habit systems (striatum/
caudate/accumbens); Increased default mode activity; Dysregulated reward circuitry

ANS & HPA & neuroimmune dysregulation; Prolonged psychophysiological reactivity

Rumination; Withdrawal; Worry; Crying; Sadness; Loss-relevant recall bias; shame; Attentional bias to negative valenced information; Guilt; Morbid Thoughts; Psychomotor retardation; Anhedonia; Increased self-focus; Deficits in executive function (e.g., impaired sustained attention); Loss of drive (sleep, appetite, libido); Amotivation

Change in attributional style; Hopelessness

MAOA, COMT, DAT1, 5HTTLPR, 5HTRs

Glutamate, Dopamine, Serotonin, GABA, Vasopressin, steroids

Septum, PAG, amygdala, hypothalamus, OFC, striatum, parasympathetic system, LC

physical and relational aggression

Proactive/ reactive aggression questionnaire, Buss-Durkee and Buss Perry

Physical and relational aggression paradigms, resident/human intruder test, PSAP, social dominance test

Dopamine receptor genes (e.g., D4, D5); DAT1; Serotonin receptor gene

Implementation:
GABA, glut

Control: Glut, Serotonin;
dopamine;
histamine;
Acetylcholine

Implementation:
TRN; pulvinar; local circuit interactions
Control:
ascending/
descending information pathways; amygdala (vigilance);

Atentional systems:
dorsal attention network (superior parietal lobe, frontal eye fields, DLPFC); ventral attention network (temporal parietal junction (TPJ), VPFC, insula);
basal forebrain limbic system

Balance between task positive network (TPN) vs DMN

fMRI
Sensory areas from peripheral to central.
ERP--
Auditory: processing negativity; P1, N1, N2; P300; neural oscillations.
Visual:N2pc; Selection
modulations of sensory ERP components; negativity (SN); P300; slow waves; neural oscillations
Peripheral physiology both modalities:
Heart rate deceleration;
Pupil dilation;

Spatial attention;
Object/feature attention;
ANT task
Distractibility;
Attentional lapses (e.g., RT variability) vs sustained attn; Psychophysics

dichotic listening, visual search, spatial and non-spatial cuing paradigms, dual task paradigms, attentional blink and psychological refractory period paradigm; inter-modal selective attention; blocked channel-selection tasks; distraction paradigms (capture); time-series of response times to extract variability and frequency domain analyses
(target detection tasks in the absence of competition are considered measures of sustained attention and not selective or divided attention, which are subsumed under cog control)

Dysbindin/
NRG1/
Neuroligin/
Neurexin

Subcortical:
magnocellular, parvocellular, koniocellular.
Cortical: dorsal/ventral streams; cortico-cortical connections into supra- and infra-granular layers..
Non-retinogeniculate: Superior colliculus,
Suprachiasmatic nucleus. Local circuitry implicated in contextual fields and association fields (responsible for the influence of spatial context on target processing): lateral interactions; top-down interactions

Oscillations (scalp EEG, LFP, and single/multi-unit).

ERP components: All of the sensory evoked potentials (from stimulus onset through N1), Ncl, ssVEP, tVEP.

BOLD (activation) of cortical regions.

Adaptation/ habituation.

Stimulus detection. Discrimination, identification and localization. Perceptual priming. Visual acuity. Reading. Perceptual learning.

Perceptual anomalies of schizophrenia and depression.

BDNF

Glutamate/
GABA/
NMDA/
serotonin/
Acetylcholine

Cochlear hair cells; Ribbon synapses; cortical and limbic inhibitory interneurons.

Nodes in circuits: Cochlea; brainstem; MGN; A1; STG; ant. Insula; Inferior Colliculus.
Circuits: Dorsal/ventral streams; Corticofugal.

Sensory ERPs (e.g, P50, N1), Auditory steady-state response (ASSR); Intracortical EEG, Mismatch negativity (MMN); P3a; metabolic changes (fMRI, PET); startle and PPI; neural oscillations (e.g., GBR); adaptation/habituation. fMRI:  regulation of hemodynamic components of sensory response and habituation.

Stimulus detection.
Spatial localization.

Auditory hallucinations; Hyperacusis

Tone matching; deviance detection, regularity and change detection; McGurk (multisensory); auditory scene perception (e.g., streaming); bistability; novelty/oddball detection; detection of speech in noise, cross-modal interactions; auditory masking; Manipulation of ISI; and intensity
Object perception; Categorization;
Gating; self-monitoring; inhibitory control; same-different tasks; tone detection (e.g., JND tasks)
Action-Perception loops.

Manipulation of ISI, intensity for somatosensory stimulation; smell identification;

Paired associate learning; delayed recall; transitive inference; acquired equivalence; list and story learning

Production and comprehension of words, coherent sentences, and coherent discourse (rating scales)    Thought, Language and Commuinication Scale, Thought Disorder Index,

A) Language Production:
Naming
Verbal descriptions of visual depictions of events and states
Linguistic corpus-based analyses of language output.
B) Language Comprehension:
1) Offline measures
The detection and classification of semantic relationships between words.
The ability to distinguish between coherent and incoherent sentences and discourse.
The ability to answer questions about the content of sentences and discourse.
2) Online measures
Listening and reading times to critical words and regions in linguistic input.
Patterns of eye movements (in eye tracking paradigms) or motor movements (in mouse tracking paradigms) to critical words and regions in linguistic input.
Patterns of eye movements to non-verbal visual stimuli during spoken language comprehension (the visual world paradigm).

Experimental Manipulations
Manipulations of different types of relationships between individual words in priming paradigms.
Manipulations of predictability and acceptability, at different levels of representation, in a linguistic input.
Manipulations of different types of coherence and cohesion between clauses in discourse.
Manipulations of relationships between language and non-verbal behaviors.

Task Switching;
AX paradigms;
Cued stimulus-response reversal tasks; Tower tasks

NGR1, DISC1, DTNBP1, BDNF, COMT, DRD2, DAT1

Dopamine, D1, D2, Glutamate, GABA

Distinct types of inhibitory neurons, Parvalbumin, Calbindin, Calretinin

PFC-parietal-cingulate-dorsal thalamus-dorsal striatum, DLPFC

Gamma waves (local ensemble), Theta waves (local/thalamal-cortical), Delta (cortico-cortical)

N-back (if you include non-target lures), delayed match to sample, delayed match to non sample, Sternberg Item Recognition, Complex Span tasks, Letter memory/running memory, Letter Number Sequencing, Simple Span Tasks (better for developmental populations), keep track task, Self-Ordered Pointing

OXTR, AVPR1A, MOR

³OXT, Tyrosine Hydroxylase, DRD2, MOR,
³CRF, KOR, CRFR2, DRD1

Oxytocin, vasopressin, oxytocin receptor, vasopressin 1a receptor, dopamine
Mu opioid receptor
³CRF, KOR, CRFR2, D1

³Magnocellular OT

VTA- NAcc- VP-amygdala, PVN, OFC, FF gyrus, VMPFC
³Amygdala, BNST, PVN, NAcc

Sex steroid changes; HPA down-regulation; Vagal tone; Immune markers
HPA axis activation; immune responses (“sickness”); activation of sympathetic activity; vagal withdrawal

Attachment Formation– maintaining proximity; preference for individual
Attachment maintenance– Distress upon separation

Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment Scale; Attachment Questionnaire for Children Scale;
Adult Attachment Interview;
Bartholomew and Shaver
Examples (no comment on validity): Social Anhedonia scale; Experience in Close Relationships Scale, Parental Bonding Instrument, Attachment Style interview; QSORT Parent Attachment interview
Bereavement scales; social subscales of depression

Social Buffering of Stress
Strange Situation
Separation

OXTR
CNTNAP2
5HTT
COMT
FMR1
BDFN
Other autism risk genes

Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Serotonin
GABA
FMRP
Testosterone
Dopamine

Face selective neurons- FFA, STS, amygdala, mirror neurons

V1-FFA-STS-amygdala
V1-FFA-STS-VS
IFG-INS-amygdala/VS
OFC-ACC-
amygdala-striatum
amygdala-brainstem
Resting state networks

SCR
HR/BP/respiration
Pupil dilation
Startle reflex
Facial EMG
ERP N170, N250; ECoG
Frontal brain asymmetry (decreased alpha to faces)
Local cerebral blood flow changes Network dynamics, including within and between network structure (e.g., coherence, functional connectivity)

Identification of emotion
Eye gaze detection
Scanning patterns
Behavioral observation/coding systems
Implicit mimicry

Face dimensional rating scales
Arousal ratings

Emotional face expression tests
Face feature manipulation (e.g. morphing)
Still Face paradigm
Distress paradigms
Social Reward paradigms
Emotional Stroop/emotional go/no-go
Social Flanker, other attention paradigms
Dynamic Social stimulus tasks
Conditioning paradigms
Joint attention tasks
Face priming tasks
Chimeric tasks
Masking paradigms
Implicit social perception tasks

CNTNAP2
FOXP2
SHANK3
NRX1
OXTR
Other autism risk genes

Contactin AP

Eye movements: PPC-SC-SNc-SEF-FEF-CB
Facial Expression:
Regions including PAG, AC

Facial EMG
SC, HR variability, pupil dilation
Photoplethysmo-graphy (skin color measure of capillary dilation; temperature)
NIRS
Tear production

Eye gaze aversion/contact
Head turning
Reciprocal eye contact
Reciprocal emotional expression
Facial affect production
Joint attention
Behavioral observation/coding systems
Imitation of facial gestures

Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire

Imitation of affect
Directed facial action tasks expression: FACS and FACES coding system; other automated facial analysis
“Thin slices” of non-verbal behavior test
Relived Memories paradigm
Human-Computer interaction
Social games e.g. cyberball
Provocative tasks/settings to elicit expressions
Still Face paradigm
Distress paradigms

FOXP2,
CNTNAP2,
OXTR,
NGF

Oxytocin

A1-RSTG, STS, VLPFC, MPFC

EEG features, e.g., evoked gamma
Local cerebral blood flow changes
Network dynamics, including within and between network structure (e.g., coherence, functional connectivity)

Comprehension of emotional prosody
Irony/sarcasm comprehension;
Metaphor comprehension;
Comprehension of non-verbal gestures
Humor comprehension

Social Responsiveness Scale

Sentence Prosody tests
CELF Prosody
Language vs. non-language discrimination
Biological Motion discrimination (with and without emotion)
Olfactory hedonics measures
Profile of non-verbal sensitivity
“Thin slices” of non-verbal behavior test
Still Face paradigm

FOXP2,
OXTR,
NGF

R-IFG-RSTG
(Songbird circuits?)

Response to distress/separation distress
Crying/laughing
Vocalizations
Speech (affective) prosody
Gestural/postural expressions
Interactive play

Computer interface tasks
Vocal production coding systems e.g., spectral analysis, computational linguistics
Still Face paradigm

Right parietal; right insula, right inferior frontal; SMA, somatosensory, premotor

Scalp Motor Potentials

Evidence that one understands ownership of one's own body parts or action (thoughts/behaviors); Hallucinations; Delusions of Control

Perceptual Aberration Scale

Identification of one's own biological motion; Joy Stick manipulation (decoupling motor and sensory feedback); illusions of will; Ford Corollary Discharge Paradigm; Reality Monitoring

Von Economo neurons

MPFC, posterior cingulate/precuneus, left inferior frontal cortex, ventral anterior cingulate (valence specific)

P300s to self-relevant stimuli

Developmentally appropriate perception of one's competences, skills,  abilities beliefs, intentions, desires, and/or emotional states

Levels of Emotional Awareness; Toronto Alexithymia scale; Private Self-Consciousness; Self Components of Attributional Styles Questionnaire; Self-monitoring scale

Self Judgments; Self reference effect; Meta-cognition Tasks; Discrepancies in self and peer ratings [i.e., peer nomination]

STS, extrastriate body area, occipital face area, fusiform face area

MU Suppression

The ability to appropriately attribute animacy to other agents

Point-light displays; Attributions of contingent behavior

Mirror Neurons

Ventral/dorsal premotor, inferior parietal, STS

MU suppression, cortico-spinal facilitation (TMS)

Imitation; mimicry; Gaze following; Ability to identify what actions an agent is executing

Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale; Perspective Taking and Empathic Concern subscales of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index; Empathy Quotient

Action observation, Imitation, Self-Other Morphs; Non verbal decoding tasks; How component of Why/How Task; Profile of Non-Verbal Sensitivity; Empathic Accuracy Tasks

Genes that influence Vasopressin or oxytocin

Vasopressin; Oxytocin

MPFC, TPJ, temporal pole, precuneus; STS

Developmentally appropriate interpretations of other intentions, goals and beliefs

Other components of Attributional Styles Questionnaires; Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale; Perspective taking and empathic concern subscales of interpersonal reactivity index; Empathy Quotient

Other Trait or State Judgments; Strange Stores; Directors Task, Faux Pas; Reading the Mind in the Eye's; Why component of Why/How Task; Theory of Mind Tasks in children; Dunbar's Intentionality Questionnaire; Irony comprehension; Empathic Accuracy Tasks

Musarinic receptors (mAChRs, M1-M5)

Nicotinic receptors (16 nAChR genes)

ACHE

CHAT

VAChT

Serotonin receptors (5HT1-7)

5HTTs

Tryptophan Hydroxylase

Adrenergic receptors (α1, α2; β1-3)

Histamine receptors (H1-4)

Dopamine receptors (D1-5)

OX1R, OX2R/HCRT1, HCRT2 GABA-A, GABA-B, GABA-C

Glutamate Receptors: AMPA, kainate, NMDA, delta; mGluRs

Aadenosine receptors (A1-3)

DBH

NET

DAT

Leptin
Ghrelin receptors
Cytokine recepors

Glutamate
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
Histamine
Dopamine
Hypocretin/Orexin
CRF
Serotonin
Leptin
Ghrelin
Opioids
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Neuropeptide Y
GABA
Cytokines

Locus Coeruleus

Tuberomammillary Nucleus

LDT, PPT

Basal Forebrain Nuclei

Lateral, perifornical, and dorsomedial hypothalamus

Dorsal Raphe

Ventral Tegmental Area

Central Nucleus Amygdala

Cholinergic and monoaminergic Nuclei projections to thalamic and cortical (both neocortical and allocortical/hippocampus circuits)

Reciprocoal cholinergic and monoaminergic projection

Reciprocal hypothalamic (including hypocretin/orexin, tuberomammillary nucleus) projections to midbrain and pontine monoaminergic and cholinergic nuclei

Hypothalamic to thalamic and cortical circuits

Basal forebrain nuclei to cortical circuits

Corical circuits such as fronto-insular and dorsal anerior cingulate

Brainstem monoaminergic and cholinergic projections to basal forebrain

Central Amygdala to monoaminergic and basal forebrain cholinergic nuclei

Reciprocal NTS-Central N. Amygdala

Circadian and Sleep-related circuits modulate arousal and are modulated by arousal

EEG

EMG

ERPs

Autonomic: Heart Rate; Blood Pressure; Pupil Size; Galvanic skin Response; Breathing; etc.

HPA Axis: Glucocorticoids; ACTH; CRF

Sex-Specific Differences in Arousal

Brain activation as measured by fMRI

Neural activity

Waking

Startle

Eye Blink

Motor Activity (increases and decreases)

Cognition: learning & memory; attention; executive function; etc.

Affective states: anxiety; etc.

Agitation

Emotional Reactivity

Sensory Reactivity

Motivated Behavior

Arousal Self-Report Scales (e.g. ADACL, POMS arousal subscale, etc.); Self-assessment Mannequin

EEG and EMG recording
Indices of neural activity such as local field potentials and single neuron recordings; fMRI/PET
Psycho-
motor vigilance and other continuous performance tasks
Eye-blink
Eyelid closure
Startle
Odd-ball tasks
Auditory arousal threshold
Maintenance of wakefulness test
Actigraphy and other test of motor activity
Cortisol awakening response

Canonical (Core) Clock Genes: Clock;
Npas2;
Bmal1; Bmal2
Per1,2;
Cry1,2;

Clock-Associated Genes: Rorα, β;
Rev-Erbα, β;
CK1 δ, ε;
CK2 α, β,
FBXL3,
FBXBL21,
DEC2, DEC2,
Dio2, Dio3,
Gsk 3β,
Per3

Potential additional clock associated genes¹

Clock-controlled genes¹

Receptor genes:
NMDAr;
AMPAr;
5HTr;
GABAr;
NPYr;
SPr; VPAC1,2;
MT1,2

Transcription/
translation factors/regulators: (cFos;
JunB;
CREB;
MAPK;
mTOR;
PGC1a; miRNA (e.g. miR-206, miR-132)
Dbp)

Epigenetic factors (e.g. Sir2)

Input: melanopsin; PACAP; Glutamate; GABA; 5HT; NPY; Substance P; Dopamine

SCN-synchronizing and modulating agents: VIP; AVP; NO; cAMP; cGMP; Calbindin; steroid hormones (estrogen, testosterone, progesterone)

Output: melatonin; cortisol; AVP; VIP; GABA

ipRGC; rods and cones;

SCN “clock” cells;

medium spiny neurons, pars tuberalis cells, fibroblasts

Pineal cells

Input:

Retinal cells; Retino-hypothalamic tract;

Retinogeniculate tract;

Raphe to SCN projection;

Intrinsic to SCN

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) core/shell

Output: SCN projections to:

- PVN, DMH, subparaventricular zone, PVT
- Central extended amygdala (central nucleus of the amygdala/ Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis)
- Hypothalamic neuroendocrine cell groups
- Hypothalamic orexin projections²
- Basolateral amygdala/ Hippo-campus
- SCN/PVN/SCG/pineal²
- HPA axis
- Sympathetic/ parasympathetic nervous system

Seasonal

- SCN/PVN/SCG/pineal²

Gene expression

Neural activity

Neural transmitters

Locomotor activity

Drive-regulated behaviors

Sleep-wake

Neurobehavioral functions (e.g., alertness, vigilance, affect, learning, memory)

Sleep-rated and waking behaviors

Masking (e.g., direct effect of environment on activity rhythms)

Phase, diurnal preference, chronotype (e.g., Horne-Ostberg, CTQ); Diary-based measures of daily regularity/ rhythmicity (e.g., Social Rhythm Metric); Sleepiness, alertness, well-being, mood

Actigraphy of human circadian rest-activity rhythms in the real world
Sleep measures (see Sleep-Wake paradigms)
24 hour LD light/dark (LD) cycle (test for entrainment of rhythms)
T cycles (non-24 hour LD cycles)
Phase response curve (PRC, phase dependent effects of single light [or other stimulus] pulses delivered at different circadian phases)
Dim Light Melatonin Onset (DLMO, phase estimate)
Acute melatonin suppression by light (relative index of the sensitivity of the circadian system to light, e.g. wavelength, intensity, duration curves)
Pupillary light reflex (acute measure of rod, cone and melanopsin photosensitivity)
Sensory threshold testing (ERG, ERP, etc.)
Bioluminscent/
fluorescent real-time gene expression imaging
Masking (e.g., sleep effect on cognitive behavioral therapy)
Genetic Approaches – genome-wide association study, candidate gene, epigenomics, circadian genomics (temporal gene expression), mutagenesis, gene targeting, quantitative trait loci.

Circadian Rhythms genes

Genes relevant to arousal

Genes with sleep-specific effects: Per3, Clock, Sur2, Dec2

Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, including:

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Dopamine
Histamine
GABA
Galanin
Adenosine
Hypocretin/Orexin
Glutamate
CRF
Vasopressin
NPY
Cytokines

Lateral and perifornical hypothalamus
Anterior hypothalamus and basal forebrain
Posterior hypothalamus (TMN)
Brainstem (e.g., LC, Raphe, LDT/PPT, VTA)
Thalamus (median thalamic nuclei, reticular nucleus)

Wakefulness

Arousal and Circadian Rhythms circuits also subserve wakefulness

Sleep

NREM sleep (forebrain):
Basal forebrain and anterior hypothalamus projections to arousal promoting cell groups
Thalamo-cortical circuits

REM sleep (brainstem):
Mesopontine nuclei, especially regions ventral to locus coeruleus

EEG sleep spindles, EEG slow waves, EEG theta rhythms, Brain metabolic activity; EMG; EOG; sleep hormones; NREM sleep and REM sleep, wakefulness, Temporal and topographic organization of sleep dynamics; Temporal and topographic organization of homeostatic sleep drive during sleep; sleep latency; Capacity for wakefulness under low stimulation; Physiologic measures of sleepiness, homeostatic sleep drive during waking; Sex-specific sleep physiology

Sleep (duration, continuity/ fragmentation, architecture), wakefulness
Sleep deprivation and satiation
Sleep timing and variability
Rest-activity patterns (actigraphy)
Sleep inertia
Sleep-dependent neurobehavioral functions (e.g., memory consolidation, affect, affect regulation, alertness, vigilance, impulsivity, risk-taking)
Motor behaviors during sleep
Intermediate/ admixed sleep-wake states
Sensory arousal threshold
Co-sleeping
Sex-specific sleep behaviors

Sleep quality, restoration, quantity (e.g., insomnia, hypersomnia)
Sleep timing
Alertness, sleepiness
Fatigue
Dream reports
Specific sleep symptoms
Sleep-modulated symptoms (e.g., mood, alertness)

EEG (e.g., sleep staging, quantitative EEG, topographic mapping, source localization)
MEG
TMS
Nocturnal polysomnography (may include measures of respiration, heart rate variability (HRV), other)
Arousal threshold testing
Multiple sleep latency testing
Maintenance of wakefulness testing
Measurement of slow eye movements during wakefulness (physiologic measures of sleepiness, homeostatic sleep drive)
Locomotor activity (e.g., actigraphy)
Total, partial, and stage-selective deprivation paradigms
Non-24-hour sleep-wake schedules (e.g., forced desynchrony, ultrashort schedules)
Neurobehavioral testing in relation to sleep
Sleep-dependent memory consolidation, fear extinction
Functional imaging techniques: e.g., fMRI, PET, MEG, high-density EEG
Self-report methods include retrospective symptom and sleep reports, daily sleep diaries