Technology and the Future of Mental Health Treatment

Experts believe that technology has a lot of potential for clients and clinicians alike. A few of the advantages of mobile care include:

• Convenience: Treatment can take place anytime and anywhere (e.g., at home in the middle of the night or on a bus on the way to work) and may be ideal for those who have trouble with in-person appointments.
• Anonymity: Clients can seek treatment options without involving other people.
• An introduction to care: Technology may be a good first step for those who have avoided mental health care in the past.
• Lower cost: Some apps are free or cost less than traditional care.
• Service to more people: Technology can help mental health providers offer treatment to people in remote areas or to many people in times of sudden need (e.g., following a natural disaster or terror attack).
• Interest: Some technologies might be more appealing than traditional treatment methods, which may encourage clients to continue therapy.
• 24-hour service: Technology can provide round-the-clock monitoring or intervention support.
• Consistency: Technology can offer the same treatment program to all users.
• Support: Technology can complement traditional therapy by extending an in-person session, reinforcing new skills, and providing support and monitoring.
• Objective data collection: Technology can quantitatively collect information such as location, movement, phone use, and other information.

This new era of mental health technology offers great opportunities but also raises a number of concerns. Tackling potential problems will be an important part of making sure new apps provide benefits without causing harm. That is why the mental health community and software developers are focusing on:

• Effectiveness: The biggest concern with technological interventions is obtaining scientific evidence that they work and that they work as well as traditional methods.
• For whom and for what: Another concern is understanding if apps work for all people and for all mental health conditions.
• Privacy: Apps deal with very sensitive personal information so app makers need to be able to guarantee privacy for app users.
• Guidance: There are no industry-wide standards to help consumers know if an app or other mobile technology is proven effective.
• Regulation: The question of who will or should regulate mental health technology and the data it generates needs to be answered.
• Overselling: There is some concern that if an app or program promises more than it delivers, consumers may turn away from other, more effective therapies.

Creative research and engineering teams are combining their skills to address a wide range of mental health concerns. Some popular areas of app development include:

Self-Management Apps

“Self-management” means that the user puts information into the app so that the app can provide feedback. For example, the user might set up medication reminders, or use the app to develop tools for managing stress, anxiety, or sleep problems. Some software can use additional equipment to track heart rate, breathing patterns, blood pressure, etc. and may help the user track progress and receive feedback.

Apps for Improving Thinking Skills

Apps that help the user with cognitive remediation (improved thinking skills) are promising. These apps are often targeted toward people with serious mental illnesses.

Skill-Training Apps

Skill-training apps may feel more like games than other mental health apps as they help users learn new coping or thinking skills. The user might watch an educational video about anxiety management or the importance of social support. Next, the user might pick some new strategies to try and then use the app to track how often those new skills are practiced.

Illness Management, Supported Care

This type of app technology adds additional support by allowing the user to interact with another human being. The app may help the user connect with peer support or may send information to a trained health care provider who can offer guidance and therapy options. Researchers are working to learn how much human interaction people need for app-based treatments to be effective.

Passive Symptom Tracking

A lot of effort is going into developing apps that can collect data using the sensors built into smartphones. These sensors can record movement patterns, social interactions (such as the number of texts and phone calls), behavior at different times of the day, vocal tone and speed, and more. In the future, apps may be able to analyze these data to determine the user’s real-time state of mind. Such apps may be able to recognize changes in behavior patterns that signal a mood episode such as mania, depression, or psychosis before it occurs. An app may not replace a mental health professional, but it may be able to alert caregivers when a client needs additional attention. The goal is to create apps that support a range of users, including those with serious mental illnesses.

Data Collection

Data collection apps can gather data without any help from the user. Receiving information from a large number of individuals at the same time can increase researchers’ understanding of mental health and help them develop better interventions.

Dr. Patricia Areán’s pioneering BRIGHTEN study, showed that research via smartphone app is already a reality. The BRIGHTEN study was remarkable because it used technology to both deliver treatment interventions and also to actually conduct the research trial. In other words, the research team used technology to recruit, screen, enroll, treat, and assess participants. BRIGHTEN was especially exciting because the study showed that technology can be an efficient way to pilot test promising new treatments, and that those treatments need to be engaging.

Researchers have found that interventions are most effective when people like them, are engaged, and want to continue using them. Behavioral health apps will need to combine the engineers’ skills for making an app easy to use and entertaining with the clinician’s skills for providing effective treatment options.

Researchers and software engineers are developing and testing apps that do everything from managing medications to teaching coping skills to predicting when someone may need more emotional help. Intervention apps may help someone give up smoking, manage symptoms, or overcome anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or insomnia. While the apps are becoming more appealing and user-friendly, there still isn’t a lot of information on their effectiveness.

There are no review boards, checklists, or widely accepted rules for choosing a mental health app. Most apps do not have peer-reviewed research to support their claims, and it is unlikely that every mental health app will go through a randomized, controlled research trial to test effectiveness. One reason is that testing is a slow process and technology evolves quickly. By the time an app has been put through rigorous scientific testing, the original technology may be outdated.

Currently, there are no national standards for evaluating the effectiveness of the hundreds of mental health apps that are available. Consumers should be cautious about trusting a program. However, there are a few suggestions for finding an app that may work for you:

• Ask a trusted health care provider for a recommendation. Some larger providers may offer several apps and collect data on their use.
• Check to see if the app offers recommendations for what to do if symptoms get worse or if there is a psychiatric emergency.
• Decide if you want an app that is completely automated or an app that offers opportunities for contact with a trained person.
• Search for information on the app developer. Can you find helpful information about his or her credentials and experience? 
• Beware of misleading logos. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has not developed and does not endorse any apps. However, some app developers have unlawfully used the NIMH logo to market their products.
• Search the PubMed database offered by National Library of Medicine. This resource contains articles on a wide range of research topics, including mental health app development.
• If there is no information about a particular app, check to see if it is based on a treatment that has been tested. For example, research has shown that Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is as effective as conventional CBT for disorders that respond well to CBT, like depression, anxiety, social phobia, and panic disorder.
• Try it. If you’re interested in an app, test it for a few days and decide if it’s easy to use, holds your attention, and if you want to continue using it. An app is only effective if keeps users engaged for weeks or months.

Between FY2009 and FY2015, NIMH awarded 404 grants totaling 445 million for technology-enhanced mental health intervention grants. These grants were for studies of computer-based interventions designed to prevent or treat mental health disorders.

NIMH staff actively review and evaluate research grants related to technology. In recent years, these grants focused on:

• Feasibility, efficacy, and effectiveness research
• Technology for disorders such as schizophrenia, HIV, depression, anxiety, autism, suicide, and trauma
• More interventions for cognitive issues, illness management, behavior, and health communication
• Fewer interventions for a personal computer and more interventions for mobile devices
• More engaging ways to deliver therapies or skill development (for example, interactive formats or game-like approaches)
• Real-time (users exchanging information with peers or professionals as needed)
• Active and passive mobile assessment/monitoring

A significant portion of NIMH funding of these types of technologies is through the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Programs.

In addition, NIMH created the National Advisory Mental Health Council Workgroup on Opportunities and Challenges of Developing Information Technologies on Behavioral and Social Science Research to track and guide the cutting edge of this rapidly-changing area. In 2017, the workgroup released a report reviewing the opportunities for—and the challenges of—using new information technologies to study human behaviors relevant to the NIMH mission. NIMH’s interest in this area of research was further highlighted in a 2018 notice identifying research on digital health technology to advance the assessment, detection, prevention, treatment, and delivery of services for mental health conditions as a high-priority area for the Institute.

The Future: What Types of Research Does NIMH Expect in the Future?

Recently, there has been increased interest in:

• Using mobile technology for a wider range of disorders, from mild depression or anxiety to schizophrenia, autism, and suicide
• Developing and refining new interventions, instead of adapting existing interventions to work with new technologies
• Developing technologies that work on any device
• Incorporating face-to-face contact or remote counseling (phone or online) to provide a balance between technology and the "human touch"

Clinical trials are research studies that look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions. The goal of clinical trials is to determine if a new test or treatment works and is safe. Although individual participants may benefit from being part of a clinical trial, participants should be aware that the primary purpose of a clinical trial is to gain new scientific knowledge so that others may be better helped in the future.

Researchers at NIMH and around the country conduct many studies with patients and healthy volunteers. We have new and better treatment options today because of what clinical trials uncovered years ago. Be part of tomorrow’s medical breakthroughs. Talk to your doctor about clinical trials, their benefits and risks, and whether one is right for you.

To learn more or find a study, visit:

• NIMH Clinical Trials webpage: Information about participating in clinical trials
• Clinicaltrials.gov: Current Studies on Mental Health Apps: List of clinical trials funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) being conducted across the country

Federal Resources

• What is Telemental Health? (NIMH Fact Sheet)
• How Can You Protect and Secure Health Information When Using a Mobile Device?(Department of Health and Human Services)
• How To Protect Your Privacy on Apps: Consumer advice from the Federal Trade Commission
• Mobile Medical Applications: Information from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) about its role in mobile medical applications

Research and Clinical Trials

• NIH All of Us Research Program: This big-data initiative aims to recruit one million adult volunteers to share a variety of data, including electronic health records, health and family medical histories, and biological samples to support research and uncover paths to the delivery of precision medicine.
• The BRAIN Initiative: The Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies® (BRAIN) Initiative funds the development of a wide variety of new technologies to help unlock the mysteries of the human brain.
• NIH SBIR and STTR Programs: The NIH Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs are one of the largest sources of early-stage capital for technology commercialization in the U.S.
• Digital Global Mental Health Program
• Digital Mental Health: Innovating in a Time of High Anxiety (NIMH Institute Update)
• Mindful Mood Balance Effective for Treating Residual Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation (NIMH Research Highlight)
• Opportunities and Challenges of Developing Information Technologies on Behavioral and Social Science Clinical Research (NIMH National Advisory Mental Health Council Report)
• Using Mobile Technology to Improve Care for Teens with Depression (NIMH Research Highlight)
• Using Technology to Help Predict Binge and Purge Episodes in People with Eating Disorders (NIMH Research Highlight)

Other Resources

The non-federal resources listed below are included for information purposes only. The list is not comprehensive and does not constitute an endorsement by NIMH.

• One Mind PsyberGuide: Non-profit website providing reviews of computer and device-assisted therapies for mental illnesses on the app’s credibility, user experience, and transparency of privacy practices
• What You Need to Know Before Choosing Online Therapy (American Psychological Association)

Last Reviewed: April 2021

Unless otherwise specified, NIMH information and publications are in the public domain and available for use free of charge. Citation of NIMH is appreciated. Please see our Citing NIMH Information and Publications page for more information.